Papaya Chewable by Vitabase

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aging skin. Although there is interest in using oral fermented papaya for aging skin, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of papaya for this purpose.
• Androgenic alopecia. Papaya has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients for androgenic alopecia; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A clinical study in adults with androgenic and diffuse alopecia shows that applying fermented papaya 2% hair lotion also containing fermented mangosteen and caffeine on the scalp daily plus fermented papaya 0.5% shampoo also containing fermented mangosteen on the scalp 3 times weekly for 14 weeks shows improvement in hair loss intensity and the quality of hair shaft compared to baseline (111719). It is unclear if the effect is due to the fermented papaya, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Colorectal cancer. It is unclear if oral papaya fruit prevents colorectal cancer. Details: One small observational study in adults living in Thailand has found that papaya fruit consumption is associated with a 42% lower odds of developing colorectal cancer (67941).
• Dengue fever. Small clinical studies suggest that oral papaya leaf extract might increase platelet counts in patients with dengue fever. Details: A meta-analysis of mostly small clinical studies in adults with dengue fever shows that taking papaya leaf extract reduces the duration of hospital stay by about 2 days and improves mean platelet count over the next five days by about 35 x 10⁹ when compared with standard treatment. The most common dosing ranged from 500 mg to 3300 mg daily for five days in divided doses (102799). This finding is limited by imprecision and high risk of bias. One additional small clinical study in patients with severe thrombocytopenia due to dengue fever shows that taking a papaya leaf extract (Caripill, Micro Labs) 1100 mg three times daily for 5 days increases platelet counts by a greater amount through day 3 when compared with placebo, and reduces the median time to platelet recovery by one day (102800).
• Diabetes. It is unclear if oral fermented papaya improves glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Details: A small clinical study in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that consuming fermented papaya fruit 3 grams once daily for 2 months reduces fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels by 13% and 10%, respectively, when compared to baseline (67902). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Gallbladder cancer. It is unclear if oral fermented papaya prevents gallbladder cancer. Details: One small observational study in adults living in Thailand has found that eating papaya fruit is associated with a 66% lower odds of developing gallbladder cancer (67871).
• Gingivitis. It is unclear if using toothpaste and/or mouthwash containing fermented papaya leaf extract improves symptoms of gingivitis. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with good oral hygiene shows that brushing teeth twice daily with a toothpaste containing papaya leaf extract for 4 weeks, with or without the use of a papaya leaf extract-containing mouthwash, decreases gingival bleeding when compared to baseline. However, using this toothpaste with or without the mouthwash is no better than using a sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-free, enzyme-containing toothpaste, with or without an essential oil mouthwash (99861).
• Human papillomavirus (HPV). It is unclear if oral papaya fruit prevents persistent HPV infection. Details: A small population study in females infected with HPV has found that consuming papaya fruit at least once weekly is associated with 70% lower odds of persistent HPV infection when compared with never eating papaya fruit (67881).
• Intestinal parasite infection. Although there is interest in using oral papaya for intestinal parasite infection, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of papaya for this condition.
• Periodontitis. It is unclear if applying fermented papaya gel into gingival pockets is beneficial for periodontitis. Details: One small open-label clinical study in adults with moderate to severe periodontitis shows that, when used in addition to standard treatment, applying fermented papaya gel (Carica Co.) 7 grams into intragingival pockets for 15 minutes daily for 10 days seems to improve bleeding, plaque, and gingivitis after 7-45 days when compared with standard treatment alone (93090). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of blinding.
• Thrombocytopenia. Although there is interest in using oral papaya leaf extract for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of papaya for this condition.
• Wound healing. It is unclear if topical papaya fruit gel is beneficial for wound healing. Details: A small open-label clinical study in patients with post-caesarean section wound gape shows that applying a wound dressing containing partially ripe papaya fruit 200 grams to the edges of a gaped wound for 48 hours, and re-applying as needed, seems to modestly speed up the development of granulation tissue and reduce the duration of hospitalization when compared with using hydrogen peroxide dressings, changed daily (93091). The validity of this finding is limited because the control treatment with hydrogen peroxide may cause skin damage and slow wound healing. More evidence is needed to rate papaya for these uses.

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Proteolytic enzymes represent a wide group of enzymes that are used alone or in combination. See specific monographs for effectiveness information.

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LIKELY SAFE ...when the ripe fruit is used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Papaya has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the leaf extract is used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts, short term. The leaf extract has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 3300 mg daily for up to 5 days (102799,102800). ...when the ripe fruit is used topically and appropriately, short term. The fruit has been applied with apparent safety to the gingiva or skin for up to 10 days (93090,93091).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when the unripe fruit containing papaya latex and raw papain is used orally. Raw papain has been reported to cause esophageal perforation (6,93083). ...when papaya latex is used topically. Papaya latex, which contains raw papain, is a severe irritant and vesicant (6).

PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when the ripe fruit is consumed in amounts commonly found in foods.

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when the unripe fruit containing papaya latex is used orally; avoid using. There is some concern that crude papain, a constituent of papaya latex, is teratogenic and embryotoxic (6); however, this might be due to extraneous substances rather than papain (11). Some evidence also suggests that high doses of papaya seed extract have abortifacient activity and can adversely affect fetal development (67870). Theoretically, eating large amounts of papaya seeds may have similar effects.

LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when the ripe fruit is consumed in amounts commonly found in foods. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using papaya medicinally; avoid using.

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POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Various proteolytic enzymes have been safely used orally in clinical research (716,964,965,968,969,6252,6253,10622,11457,18281,18284) (91104,91105,91106,91111,96449). Side effects are typically mild to moderate and most often include gastrointestinal effects. See specific monographs for more detailed information related to the safety of individual proteolytic enzymes. ...when used topically and appropriately. Various proteolytic enzymes have been safely used topically in clinical research (67835,67843,67845,91113). Some proteolytic enzymes might cause allergic reactions when used topically. See specific monographs for more detailed information related to the safety of individual proteolytic enzymes.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

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AMIODARONE (Cordarone) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, papaya extract may increase the levels and clinical effects of amiodarone.  Details Animal research in rats shows that a single oral dose of papaya extract, as well as multiple doses of papaya extract daily over 14 days, prior to a single dose of amiodarone delays the time to maximum amiodarone concentration. However, only the 14-day papaya extract regimen increases systemic amiodarone exposure by 60% to 70% (93093). This interaction has not been reported in humans.

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Concomitant use of antidiabetic drugs with fermented papaya can produce additive effects. It is unclear if other forms of papaya have the same effect.  Details A small low-quality clinical study in patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking glibenclamide shows that taking a fermented papaya preparation 3 grams daily for 2 months decreases fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels when compared to baseline. Additionally, of the 25 patients in the study, 9 required a reduction in glibenclamide dose (67902).

LEVOTHYROXINE (Synthroid, others) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, consuming large quantities of papaya fruit can reduce the clinical effects of levothyroxine.  Details In one case-report, a 37-year-old male with a history of thyroidectomy who was stabilized on levothyroxine for 5 years presented with hypothyroidism after consuming 5-6 papaya fruits daily for 14 days during vacation. In a controlled re-challenge test involving 5-6 papayas daily, the patient remained euthyroid for 7 days, but developed mild hypothyroidism after 14 days. Both times, thyroid levels normalized 40-45 days after discontinuing papaya (93087).

WARFARIN (Coumadin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of warfarin with papain-containing papaya extract might increase the effects and side effects of warfarin.  Details In one case report, a patient previously stable on warfarin was found to have an international normalization ratio (INR) of 7.4, which was attributed to ingestion of a supplement containing papain from papaya extract (613).

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General ...Orally, papaya fruit is well tolerated when consumed in food amounts. Papaya leaf extract seems to be generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Nausea and vomiting from papaya leaf extract.
Topically: Burning sensation from unripe papaya.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Severe allergic reactions.

Dermatologic ...Orally, high doses of papaya might cause yellow skin discoloration. A case of carotenemia has been reported for a 42-year-old female who consumed 1.5-2 papayas daily for 6 months. The condition resolved when she stopped eating papayas (67929).
Topically, unripe papaya fruit may cause occasional burning sensation when applied to skin ulcers (67856).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, the leaf extract has been reported to cause nausea and vomiting in clinical research (102799). A case of esophageal perforation has been reported for a previously healthy 27-year-old female who used papain, a constituent of papaya latex, to digest a piece of meat stuck in her esophagus (93083).

Immunologic ...Orally, papain, a constituent of raw, unripe papaya, has been reported to cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, including itchy watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, abdominal cramps, sweating, and diarrhea (6,967). Papaya may also cause hypersensitivity reactions such as systemic contact dermatitis, which occur more commonly in people who are allergic to latex (6197,7853,57635). A case of systemic contact dermatitis has been reported for a 55-year-old female with no prior history of atopic disease or drug allergy after ingesting a throat lozenge containing papaya juice (67942).

Other ...In regions with arsenic-contaminated soil, papaya fruits contain a higher mean concentration of arsenic compared with many other forms of vegetation grown in the regions. Eating papaya from these regions is thought to contribute to higher dietary levels of arsenic (32461,67879).

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General ...Orally, proteolytic enzymes are generally well tolerated. See specific monographs for detailed safety information related to individual proteolytic enzymes.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastrointestinal upset.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Topically: Allergic reactions.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, some patients taking proteolytic enzymes may have gastrointestinal complaints (101517).

Immunologic ...Proteolytic enzymes are commonly found in laundry detergents and pre-spotter products. Rarely, protease specific IgE positive tests possibly related to these products have occurred. Exposure may be airborne or topical (102705). In addition, in case reports, occupational exposure to the airborne proteolytic enzyme pepsin has resulted in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma (102706,102707).

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