Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
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Proprietary Blend
(Proprietary Blend Note: (herb weight equivalence) ( herb strength ratio 1:2) )
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500 mg |
(root)
(selectively imported)
(Angelica PlantPart: root Note: selectively imported )
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Ledebouriella
(root)
(selectively imported)
(Ledebouriella PlantPart: root Note: selectively imported )
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(flower)
(selectively imported)
(Magnolia PlantPart: flower Note: selectively imported )
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(Schizonepeta )
(herb)
(selectively imported)
(Schizonepeta PlantPart: herb Genus: Schizonepeta Note: selectively imported )
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(Xanthium )
(fruit)
(selectively imported)
(Xanthium PlantPart: fruit Genus: Xanthium Note: selectively imported )
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Centipeda
(Centipeda )
(herb)
(selectively imported)
(Centipeda PlantPart: herb Genus: Centipeda Note: selectively imported )
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(Chrysanthemum )
(flower)
(selectively imported)
(Chrysanthemum PlantPart: flower Genus: Chrysanthemum Note: selectively imported )
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(Forsythia )
(fruit)
(selectively imported)
(Forsythia PlantPart: fruit Genus: Forsythia Note: selectively imported )
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(root)
(selectively imported)
(Red Peony PlantPart: root Note: selectively imported )
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Platycodon
(Platycodon )
(root)
(selectively imported)
(Platycodon PlantPart: root Genus: Platycodon Note: selectively imported )
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Grain Alcohol Note: 45-55% by volume, deionized Water
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Sinus Relief. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
There is insufficient reliable information available about the effectiveness of Siberian cocklebur.
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Sinus Relief. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Angelica archangelica has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Angelica archangelica when used orally or topically for medicinal purposes.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. A specific extract of chrysanthemum (GreenCross Wellbeing Corporation) has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 250 mg daily for up to 12 weeks (106308). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of chrysanthemum when used topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. A specific product containing magnolia extract and phellodendron extract (Relora, Next Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) has been used with apparent safety in clinical trials at a dose of 250 mg two to three times daily for up to 6 weeks (14349,34246,94904). ...when used topically in a toothpaste for up to 6 months (92464).
PREGNANCY: UNSAFE
when the magnolia flower bud is used orally due to reports of uterine stimulant activity (11953).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using magnolia bark during pregnancy; avoid using.
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short term. Total glucosides of peony has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 1800 mg daily for up to 12 months (92786,97949,97950,98466,100992,110432,112861,112862). Peony root extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 2250 mg daily for up to 3 months (97216). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of peony when used orally, topically, or rectally, long-term.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term.
Total glucosides of peony has been used with apparent safety in children 1.5-4 years of age at doses up to 180 mg/kg daily or 1.2 grams daily for up to 12 months (92785). Peony root extract 40 mg/kg daily has also been used with apparent safety in children 1-14 years of age for 4 weeks (106851).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Preliminary research suggests that peony can cause uterine contractions (13400). However, other preliminary research suggests a combination of peony and angelica with or without motherwort, banksias rose, and ligustica, might be safe (11015,48433). Until more is known, avoid use.
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in excessive amounts. Schizonepeta contains pulegone, a known hepatotoxin (12620,12626).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when the seeds and seedlings of Siberian cocklebur are used orally. Fatalities have been reported (27827,27828). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Siberian cocklebur fruit when used orally for medicinal purposes in adults.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when the fruit of Siberian cocklebur is used orally.
A case report describes fatal poisoning in a 20-month old child given Siberian cocklebur fruit over a 2-month period (27815).
CHILDREN: LIKELY UNSAFE
when the seeds and seedlings of Siberian cocklebur are used orally.
Fatalities and liver failure necessitating liver transplant have been reported (27827,27828,99948).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when the seeds and seedlings of Siberian cocklebur are used orally (27827,27828).
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Sinus Relief. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, taking forsythia with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bleeding due to decreased platelet aggregation. Forsythia might reduce platelet aggregation by inhibiting platelet activating factor (12619). Some of these drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
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Theoretically, taking forsythia with azithromycin might increase the risk of adverse effects. Animal research in rats shows that taking a single dose of forsythia with azithromycin decreases the clearance and increases the area under the curve of both forsythiaside, a constituent of forsythia, and azithromycin. The mechanism of this interaction is not well understood (106675).
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Theoretically, magnolia might have additive effects and increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
In vitro research shows that the chemicals magnolol and honokiol, isolated from magnolia bark, inhibit platelet aggregation that is experimentally induced by collagen and arachidonic acid. However, they do not inhibit platelet aggregation that is induced by adenosine diphosphate, platelet-activating factor, or thrombin (18273). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of large doses of magnolia bark and CNS depressants might have additive effects.
Details
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Theoretically, combining peony with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bleeding.
Details
In vitro research suggests that peony might have antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic effects (92787).
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Theoretically, peony might increase the levels and clinical effects of clozapine.
Details
In vitro research shows that peony suppresses the metabolism of clozapine via weak-to-moderate inhibitory effects on cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP3A4 (92790). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, peony might interfere with contraceptive drugs due to competition for estrogen receptors.
Details
In vitro and animal research shows that peony extract has estrogenic activity (100990). Concomitant use might also increase the risk for estrogen-related adverse effects.
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Theoretically, use of peony may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Details
In vitro research shows that peony suppresses the metabolism of clozapine via weak-to-moderate inhibitory effects on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 (92790). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, use of peony may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Details
In vitro research shows that peony suppresses the metabolism of clozapine via weak-to-moderate inhibitory effects on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 (92790). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of peony might interfere with hormone replacement therapy and/or increase the risk for estrogen-related adverse effects.
Details
In vitro and animal research shows that peony extract has estrogenic activity (100990). Theoretically, peony might compete for estrogen receptors and/or cause additive estrogenic effects.
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Theoretically, peony might reduce the levels and clinical effects of phenytoin.
Details
Animal research shows that taking peony root reduces levels of phenytoin (8657). Some researchers suggest that peony root might affect cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, which metabolizes phenytoin. However, preliminary research in humans shows that peony root does not alter levels of losartan (Cozaar), which is also metabolized by CYP2C9 (11480).
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Animal research suggests that schizonepetin, a monoterpene constituent of schizonepeta, inhibits cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 (94787). Theoretically, schizonepeta might increase the effects and side effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
Some substrates of CYP1A2 include clozapine (Clozaril), cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), fluvoxamine (Luvox), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), mexiletine (Mexitil), olanzapine (Zyprexa), pentazocine (Talwin), propranolol (Inderal), tacrine (Cognex), theophylline, zileuton (Zyflo), zolmitriptan (Zomig), and others.
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Animal research suggests that schizonepetin, a monoterpene constituent of schizonepeta, inhibits cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 (94787). Theoretically, schizonepeta might increase the effects and side effects of CYP2D6 substrates.
Details
Some substrates of CYP2D6 include amitriptyline (Elavil), codeine, desipramine (Norpramin), flecainide (Tambocor), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), ondansetron (Zofran), paroxetine (Paxil), risperidone (Risperdal), tramadol (Ultram), venlafaxine (Effexor), and others.
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Animal research suggests that schizonepetin, a monoterpene constituent of schizonepeta, inhibits cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 (94787). Theoretically, schizonepeta might increase the effects and side effects of CYP2E1 substrates.
Details
Some substrates of CYP2E1 include acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte), ethanol, theophylline, and anesthetics such as enflurane (Ethrane), halothane (Fluothane), isoflurane (Forane), and methoxyflurane (Penthrane).
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Animal research suggests that schizonepetin, a monoterpene constituent of schizonepeta, induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 (94787). Theoretically, schizonepeta might decrease the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
Some substrates of CYP3A4 include lovastatin (Mevacor), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), fexofenadine (Allegra), triazolam (Halcion), and numerous others.
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Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds have caused severe hypoglycemia in humans. Hypoglycemia occurs soon after consumption and worsens with time in most cases (27828,99948). Do not use Siberian cocklebur in people taking medications that also lower blood glucose.
Details
Some antidiabetes drugs include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), and others.
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Siberian cocklebur can adversely affect the liver. It has been linked to many cases of hepatotoxicity and some cases of liver failure (27827,27828,99948). Theoretically, concomitant use with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of developing liver damage. Some of these drugs include acarbose (Precose, Prandase), amiodarone (Cordarone), atorvastatin (Lipitor), azathioprine (Imuran), carbamazepine (Tegretol), cerivastatin (Baycol), diclofenac (Voltaren), felbamate (Felbatol), fenofibrate (TriCor), fluvastatin (Lescol), gemfibrozil (Lopid), isoniazid, itraconazole, (Sporanox), ketoconazole (Nizoral), leflunomide (Arava), lovastatin (Mevacor), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), nevirapine (Viramune), niacin, nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin), pioglitazone (Actos), pravastatin (Pravachol), pyrazinamide, rifampin (Rifadin), ritonavir (Norvir), rosiglitazone (Avandia), simvastatin (Zocor), tacrine (Cognex), tamoxifen, terbinafine (Lamisil), valproic acid, and zileuton (Zyflo).
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Siberian cocklebur can adversely affect the kidney (27828,99948). Theoretically, combining Siberian cocklebur with potentially nephrotoxic drugs might have additive harmful effects on kidney function.
Details
Some potentially nephrotoxic drugs include cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune); aminoglycosides including amikacin (Amikin), gentamicin (Garamycin, Gentak, others), and tobramycin (Nebcin, others); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin, others), indomethacin (Indocin), naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprelan, Naprosyn), piroxicam (Feldene); and numerous others.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Sinus Relief. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, Angelica archangelica is generally well tolerated in food amounts.
There is limited information available about the adverse effects of Angelica archangelica when used as medicine.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Constipation, photosensitivity.
Dermatologic ...Orally or topically, Angelica archangelica might cause photosensitivity reactions (13406). Patients who take Angelica archangelica orally or apply it topically should be advised to avoid prolonged exposure to the sun. Some constituents of the leaves have a strong irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes, referred to as "angelica dermatitis" (18).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, Angelica archangelica has been reported to cause constipation in one out of 21 patients taking a specific Angelica archangelica leaf extract (SagaPro, SagaMedica) (92461).
General
...There is currently a limited amount of information on the adverse effects of chrysanthemum.
A thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, eczema, urticaria.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Topically: Asthma.
Immunologic ...Topically and via occupational exposure, chrysanthemum can cause allergic reactions. Chrysanthemum allergy symptoms can include urticaria, contact dermatitis, eczema, actinic reticuloid photosensitivity dermatitis, pollinosis, rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma (5552,5554,5556,5557,6958,42842,42845,42849,42859,42867,42893,42872,42873,42874)(42879,42880,42881,42882,42883,42887,42888). There are numerous case reports and studies showing that allergies to Chrysanthemum are very common, with an estimated 60% of Europeans being allergic (19149,42847,42856,42854).
General ...Adverse effects of forsythia have not been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
General
...Orally, magnolia seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Contact dermatitis.
Dermatologic ...Topically, magnolia bark has been associated with reports of allergic contact dermatitis (92463,92468,95030,110709). In several cases, the use of anti-aging facial creams containing magnolia bark extract was associated with allergic contact dermatitis of the face (92463,92468,95030). In one case, the use of a vaginal gel containing magnolia bark extract was associated with allergic contact dermatitis of the vulva (110709). Symptoms typically resolve with the use of topical corticosteroids and discontinuation of magnolia bark extract (95030,110709). Patch testing suggests that the magnolia bark extract constituents magnolol and honokiol are responsible for this adverse effect (110709).
Endocrine ...In a clinical trial of an oral combination product containing extracts of magnolia and phellodendron, one patient reported thyroid dysfunction (14349). However, it's not known if this side effect is related to magnolia or some other factor.
Gastrointestinal ...In a clinical trial of an oral combination product containing extracts of magnolia and phellodendron, one patient reported heartburn (14349). However, it's not known if this side effect is related to magnolia or some other factor.
Neurologic/CNS ...In a clinical trial of an oral combination product containing extracts of magnolia and phellodendron, one patient reported shaking hands and perilabial numbness. Another patient reported fatigue and headache (14349). However, it's not known if these side effects are related to magnolia or some other factor.
Psychiatric ...In a clinical trial of an oral combination product containing extracts of magnolia and phellodendron, one patient reported sexual dysfunction (14349). However, it's not known if this side effect is related to magnolia or some other factor.
General
...Orally, peony seems to be well tolerated when used alone and as part of Chinese herbal formulas.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal distension, anorexia, diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea.
Topically: Dermatitis.
Dermatologic ...Topically, peony has been reported to cause contact dermatitis (13555).
Endocrine ...Orally, a specific traditional Chinese medicine preparation called DDT has been reported to lower follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and increase estradiol levels. It is not known if this effect is due to peony or the other ingredients (48404). Another specific traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Toki-shakuyaku-san, has been reported to increase plasma progesterone levels in some patients. It is not known if this effect is due to peony or the other ingredients (15294).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, peony and total glucosides of peony (TGP) have been reported to cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including abdominal distension, anorexia, diarrhea, and nausea, in some patients (13538,92785,97949,98466,100992). In one clinical study, diarrhea was reported in 5% of patients taking TGP 600 mg three times daily for 24 weeks versus 1% of patients taking placebo (100992).
Hematologic ...Orally, there is one case report of easy gum bleeding, epistaxis, and skin bruising with an international normalized ratio (INR) above 6 in a 61-year-old male who was previously stable on warfarin therapy. This patient had switched from one brand of quilinggao, a popular Chinese herbal product, to another brand 5 days prior. This product contained Fritillaria spp. (beimu), Paeonia rubra, Chinese peony (chishao), Lonicera japonica (jinyinhua), and Poncirus trifoliata (jishi). The patient's INR decreased to 1.9 after temporary withdrawal of warfarin therapy. Upon re-initiation of quilinggao, his INR increased to 5.2. It is not known if the increased INR is due to peony or the other ingredients (68343).
General
...There is currently a limited amount of information available about the adverse effects of schizonepeta.
Orally, a specific combination product (Zemaphyte, Phytopharm Plc) containing schizonepeta and numerous other ingredients has been reported to cause nausea, vomiting, colic, dyspepsia, dizziness, headache, and hair loss (12627,12630). However, it is unclear if these effects are due to schizonepeta or the other ingredients.
High doses of schizonepeta may be hepatotoxic due to its pulegone constituent (12620,12626).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, a specific combination product (Zemaphyte, Phytopharm Plc) containing schizonepeta and numerous other ingredients has been reported to cause nausea, vomiting, colic, and dyspepsia (12627,12630). However, it is unclear if these effects are due to schizonepeta or the other ingredients.
Hepatic ...Schizonepeta contains pulegone, a hepatotoxin. When taken orally in high doses, schizonepeta may be hepatotoxic due to this constituent (12620,12626).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, a specific combination product (Zemaphyte, Phytopharm Plc) containing schizonepeta and numerous other ingredients has been reported to cause dizziness and headache (12627,12630). However, it is unclear if these effects are due to schizonepeta or the other ingredients.
General ...Siberian cocklebur is generally regarded as unsafe for use. Any benefits of therapy might not outweigh the risk of toxicity. Orally, Siberian cocklebur seeds and seedlings can cause various adverse effects. Initial effects include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, hypoglycemia, elevated liver function tests, increased risk of bleeding, drowsiness, dizziness, dyspnea, sweating, fever, and palpitations (27827,27828,99948). In some cases, symptoms have progressed to metabolic acidosis, worsening changes in blood sugar, arrhythmia, seizures, convulsions, coma, pancreatitis, hepatic failure, renal failure, myocardial and muscle injury, and death due to multi-organ failure (27827,27828,99948). Fatal hepatic failure due to the Siberian cocklebur fruit has also been reported in a 20-month old child (27815).
Cardiovascular ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seed can cause both tachycardia and bradycardia (27828,99948). Palpitations can occur in as little as 3 hours after ingestion, with arrhythmia occurring a few hours later (27828). Elevated heart enzymes can also occur soon after intake (27828). White blood cell infiltration in the myocardium has been reported in autopsy findings from patients who died after consuming Siberian cocklebur (27828).
Endocrine ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds can cause hypoglycemia. This occurs soon after consumption. Later, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and/or worsening hypoglycemia might occur. In some individuals, these changes can cause seizures (27828,99948).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Gastrointestinal symptoms occur within a few hours after consumption (27827,27828,99948). In one case, pancreatitis occurred approximately 2 days after intake of the seeds in a 15-year-old girl (99948).
Hematologic ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds can increase the risk of bleeding, mainly due to hepatotoxic effects (27828).
Hepatic
...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds can cause liver damage, including increased bilirubin levels and increases in liver enzyme levels by as much as 6 times the normal value.
These symptoms can progress to include jaundice, hepatomegaly, and edema, resulting in liver failure and death in some patients (27827,27828,99948). In one case, grade 3 encephalopathy and liver failure necessitated a liver transplant in a 15-year-old girl who had consumed approximately 80 Siberian cocklebur seeds (27815,99948).
The Siberian cocklebur fruit has also been reported to cause fatal hepatic failure in a 20-month old child who consumed Siberian cocklebur fruit over a 2-month period (27815)
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds can cause rhabdomyolysis (27828). White blood cell infiltration in the muscles has been reported in autopsy findings from patients who died after consuming Siberian cocklebur (27828).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds can cause altered mental status, malaise, dizziness, sweating, fever, seizures, convulsions, unconsciousness, and coma (27827,27828,99948). Malaise, dizziness, and sweating onset are rapid (27828). Fever onset is usually after the onset of vomiting (27827). Unconsciousness can follow vomiting within minutes or hours, with coma occurring later in some individuals (27827,27828). Microvascular hemorrhage in the brain has been reported in autopsy findings for patients who died after consuming Siberian cocklebur (27828).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds can cause dyspnea and irregular breathing. White blood cell infiltration in the lungs has been reported in autopsy findings from patients who died after consuming Siberian cocklebur (27828).
Renal ...Orally, Siberian cocklebur seedlings and seeds have resulted in cases of renal injury with increased levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. This can result in decreased urine output. In some individuals, renal symptoms return to normal. However, renal failure can occur and renal proximal tubular necrosis has been reported in autopsy findings for patients who died after consuming Siberian cocklebur (27828,99948).
Other
...Orally, Siberian cocklebur can cause death associated with multi-organ failure.
In some cases, death occurred less than 12 hours following intake. In one outbreak of illness related to consumption of Siberian cocklebur seedlings, death occurred in 25% of those affected. In another group of individuals with Siberian cocklebur seed poisoning, death occurred in three of nine of those affected. Death is more likely to occur in young children, especially those less than 15 years of age (27827,27828).
The quantity of Siberian cocklebur associated with death is not clear. In one illness outbreak, deaths were mainly in children and the seedlings were consumed in large quantities due to a food shortage (27827). In another, children died after consuming an unknown quantity of seeds while working on a farm (27828).