| Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
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(Actaea racemosa )
(root)
((herb strength ratio 1:2) (organic ingredient))
(Black Cohosh root extract PlantPart: root Genus: Actaea Species: racemosa Note: (herb strength ratio 1:2) (organic ingredient) )
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1.33 mL |
Alcohol Note: (USP) (65-75%), Water
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Black Cohosh Root. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Black Cohosh Root. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Black cohosh has been safely used in some studies lasting up to a year (15036,15158,17091,19553,35908); however, most studies have lasted only up to 6 months (141,4614,4620,7054,9437,9494,13143,13184,14330,14423)(14424,15037,15889,15893,35824,35852,35853,35858,35865,35897)(35902,35904,35946,35964,95525,103269). There is concern that black cohosh might cause liver damage in some patients. Several case reports link black cohosh to liver failure or autoimmune hepatitis (4383,10692,11906,12006,13144,14469,15160,16721,16722,16723)(16724,16725,16726,16727,35857,107906). However, the evidence that black cohosh causes liver damage is not conclusive (17085). Until more is known, monitor liver function in patients who take black cohosh.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in pregnant patients who are not at term.
Black cohosh might have hormonal effects and menstrual and uterine stimulant effects (15035). Theoretically, this might increase the risk of miscarriage; avoid using during pregnancy. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of black cohosh when used to induce labor.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Black cohosh might have hormonal effects. Theoretically, maternal intake of black cohosh might adversely affect a nursing child (15035). Until more is known, nursing patients should avoid taking black cohosh.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Black Cohosh Root. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Taking black cohosh with atorvastatin might increase the risk for elevated liver function tests.
 Details
In one case report, a patient taking atorvastatin (Lipitor) developed significantly elevated liver function enzymes after starting black cohosh 100 mg four times daily. Liver enzymes returned to normal when black cohosh was discontinued (16725). It is unclear whether the elevated liver enzymes were due to black cohosh itself or an interaction between atorvastatin and black cohosh.
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Theoretically, black cohosh may reduce the clinical effects of cisplatin.
Details
Animal research suggests that black cohosh might decrease the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin on breast cancer cells (13101).
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Some research suggests that black cohosh might inhibit CYP2D6, but there is conflicting evidence.
Details
Some clinical research suggests that black cohosh might modestly inhibit CYP2D6 and increase levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme (13536). However, contradictory clinical research shows a specific black cohosh product (Remifemin, Enzymatic Therapy) 40 mg twice daily does not significantly inhibit metabolism of a CYP2D6 substrate in healthy study volunteers (16848). Until more is known, use black cohosh cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
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Theoretically, black cohosh may alter the effects of estrogen therapy.
Details
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Theoretically, taking black cohosh with hepatotoxic drugs may increase the risk of liver damage.
Details
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Black cohosh may inhibit one form of OATP, OATP2B1, which could reduce the bioavailability and clinical effects of OATP2B1 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that black cohosh modestly inhibits OATP2B1 (35450). OATPs are expressed in the small intestine and liver and are responsible for the uptake of drugs and other compounds into the body. Inhibition of OATP may reduce the bioavailability of oral drugs that are substrates of OATP.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Black Cohosh Root. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, black cohosh is generally well tolerated when used in typical doses.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Breast tenderness, dizziness, gastrointestinal upset, headache, irritability, rash, tiredness.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Endometrial hyperplasia and hepatotoxicity, although data are conflicting for both.
Cardiovascular
...A single case of reversible bradycardia has been reported for a 59-year-old female who took one tablet of a specific black cohosh product (Remifemin, Schaper & Brümmer) daily for 2 weeks.
The adverse event was considered probably related to black cohosh use, although the exact mechanism by which black cohosh exerted this effect was unclear (35920).
There has been concern that, if black cohosh has estrogen-like effects, it could also potentially cause estrogen-like side effects including increased risk for thromboembolism and cardiovascular disease. These outcomes have not been specifically assessed in long-term trials; however, some research shows that a specific black cohosh extract (CimiPure, PureWorld) does not significantly affect surrogate markers for thromboembolism and cardiovascular risk such as fibrinogen, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, or insulin levels compared to placebo (16850).
Dermatologic ...Black cohosh has been associated with skin irritation and rashes (7054,10987,14330,15889,35853). A case report describes a patient who developed cutaneous pseudolymphoma 6 months after starting a specific black cohosh extract (Remifemin). Symptoms resolved within 12 weeks of discontinuing black cohosh (15890).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, black cohosh can commonly cause gastrointestinal upset (4383,4615,4616,10988,13184,35824,35853,35965,103269,111714). Constipation and indigestion have also been reported (7054,35852).
Genitourinary
...Orally, black cohosh, including the specific black cohosh product Remifemin, may cause vaginal bleeding and breast tenderness in some postmenopausal patients (15889,35824).
However, the frequency of these events seems to be less than that of tibolone, a prescription hormone medication used to treat symptoms of menopause (15889,35904).
Due to the potential estrogen-like effects, there is concern that black cohosh might increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia. However, a specific black cohosh extract CR BNO 1055 (Klimadynon/Menofem, Bionorica AG) does not appear to cause endometrial hyperplasia. Clinical research in postmenopausal adults shows that taking 40 mg daily of this extract for 12 weeks does not significantly increase superficial cells when compared with placebo, and causes significantly fewer superficial cells when compared with conjugated estrogens (Premarin) (14330). Additional clinical research shows that taking 40 mg daily of this extract for a year does not increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial thickening in postmenopausal adults (15036). Another specific combination product containing black cohosh extract plus St. John's wort (Gynoplus, Jin-Yang Pharm) also does not significantly increase superficial cells compared to placebo after 12 weeks of treatment (15893). Some patients taking tamoxifen plus black cohosh have experienced endometrial hyperplasia and vaginal bleeding. However, these effects are more likely due to tamoxifen than black cohosh (7054).
Hepatic
...There is concern that black cohosh might cause liver disease, hepatotoxicity, or hepatitis.
Adverse effects on the liver have not been documented in clinical studies. However, multiple case reports of liver toxicity, hepatitis, and abnormal liver function have been described in females taking black cohosh products alone or in combination with other herbs or drugs. In some cases, patients developed liver failure and required immediate liver transplantation (4383,10692,11909,12006,13144,14469,15160,16721,16722,16723) (16724,16727,35883,35888,35890,35895,89465,101592,107906). In one case, a female developed autoimmune hepatitis after 3 weeks of taking black cohosh. Symptoms resolved 2 weeks after discontinuing black cohosh (11906). In at least three cases, females have developed elevated liver enzymes and symptoms of hepatotoxicity after taking black cohosh products. Symptoms resolved and liver enzymes normalized within a week of discontinuing black cohosh (16725,16726). Analysis of two liver biopsies suggests that hepatotoxicity associated with black cohosh use results from the accumulation of 4HNE protein adducts in the cytoplasm of liver cells, which promotes the migration of lymphocytes to the affected area and induces an autoimmune response leading to troxis necrosis (89469).
However, many of these cases are poorly documented. Causality is possible based on some reports; however, other reports do not indicate that black cohosh is the probable cause of the events (15891,15892,16722,16723,16727,89465). Hepatitis can occur with no identifiable cause, raising the possibility that black cohosh and hepatitis might have been coincidental in some cases. Also, plant misidentification can occur, resulting in accidental substitution of a hepatotoxic plant (11910). Therefore, some experts argue that these cases do not provide conclusive evidence that black cohosh is responsible for liver disease (17085,35882,111634). Nonetheless, some countries require cautionary labeling on black cohosh products suggesting a risk of liver toxicity. The United States Pharmacopeia also recommends cautionary labeling on black cohosh products (16722). Until more is known about this potential risk, consider monitoring liver function in patients who take black cohosh.
Musculoskeletal
...One patient treated with black cohosh in a clinical trial discontinued treatment due to edema and arthralgia (35897).
Black cohosh has been linked to asthenia and muscle damage in one case. A 54-year-old female experienced asthenia with elevated creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels while taking black cohosh. The patient had taken a specific black cohosh extract (Remifemin) for 1 year, discontinued it for 2 months, restarted it, and then experienced symptoms 2 months later. Symptoms began to resolve 10 days after discontinuing black cohosh (14299).
Neurologic/CNS
...Orally, black cohosh may cause headache, dizziness, or tiredness (35852,35886).
There is one case report of seizures in a female who used black cohosh, evening primrose oil, and chasteberry (10988).
Also, there has been a case report of severe complications, including seizures, renal failure, and respiratory distress, in an infant whose mother was given an unknown dose of black cohosh and blue cohosh at 42 weeks gestation to induce labor (1122,9492,9493). However, this adverse effect may have been attributable to blue cohosh.
In another case report, orobuccolingual dyskinesia, including tongue-biting, eating difficulties, and speech problems, was reported in a 46-year-old female who took two tablets containing black cohosh 20 mg and Panax ginseng 50 mg daily for 15 months. The patient's condition improved after stopping treatment with the herbs and taking clonazepam 2 mg daily with baclofen 40 mg daily (89735).
Ocular/Otic ...There is some concern that black cohosh might increase the risk of retinal vein thrombosis due to its estrogenic activity. In one case, a patient with protein S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experienced retinal vein thrombosis 3 days after taking a combination product containing black cohosh 250 mg, red clover 250 mg, dong quai 100 mg, and wild yam 276 mg (13155). It is unclear if this event was due to black cohosh, other ingredients, the combination, or another factor.
Oncologic ...There is some concern that black cohosh may affect hormone-sensitive cancers, such as some types of breast or uterine cancer, due to its potential estrogenic effects. However, evidence from a cohort study suggests that regular use of black cohosh is not associated with the risk of breast or endometrial cancer (17412,111634).
Psychiatric ...A 36-year-old female with a 15-year history of depression developed mania with psychotic and mixed features after taking a black cohosh extract 40 mg daily. The patient gradually recovered after stopping black cohosh and receiving treatment with antipsychotics (104517).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...There has been a case report of severe complications, including seizures, renal failure, and respiratory distress, in an infant whose mother was given an unknown dose of black cohosh and blue cohosh at 42 weeks gestation to induce labor (1122,9492,9493). However, this adverse effect may have been attributable to blue cohosh.
Renal ...There has been a case report of severe complications, including seizures, renal failure, and respiratory distress, in an infant whose mother was given an unknown dose of black cohosh and blue cohosh at 42 weeks gestation to induce labor (1122,9492,9493). However, this adverse effect may have been attributable to blue cohosh.
Other ...While rare, weight gain has been reported in some patients taking black cohosh. However, in most cases the causality could not be established. A review of the literature, including published case reports, spontaneous reports to adverse event databases, and clinical trials, suggests that black cohosh does not cause weight gain (107907).
